The Health Risks of Smoking Cigarettes Essay -- Smoking Health Lung C

The Health Risks of Smoking According to Global Smoking Statistics, 80,000 and 100,000 youths start smoking everyday. Smoking is everywhere, in shops, restaurants and malls. Smoking can be controlled if the right steps are taken. If you walked around downtown Fort Collins, the odds are good that you will encounter a smoker. The negative effects of smoking outweigh the positive effects of smoking yet people still do it. There are ways to quit that can make your life better if you smoke. Smoking goes back to 1492 when Christopher Columbus first stepped onto the plains of the new world. Native Americans chewed and inhaled a specific type of leaf, using a â€Å"toboca† pipe to inhale the foreign leaf. It soon became a treasure for the Europeans, after Christopher discovered this new creation. Cigarettes did not become popular until the 1880s, nor were they available. People just used pipes and cigars. When, according to Smoking, James B. Duke developed a way to mass produce cigarettes, making them cheaper and milder. This created an increase in popularity and between 1870 and 1890 the usage increased 100 times what is was before. The health risks of smoking are that it causes Lung cancer and in 1992 there were 161,000 new cases of lung cancer and 143,000 deaths according to Tobacco and Smoking, 1998. The duration and amount smoked determines the risk of getting lung cancer. Men or women who smoke forty cigarettes a day, compared to those who smoke twenty a day, have twice the risk as getting lung cancer. Those who start smoking before 15 are four times more likely to get lung cancer than those who begin after twenty-five. It also causes Cardiovascular Disease. Smokers, male and female, are at a higher risk to get recurrent heart attacks, sudden death from coronary heart disease and myocardial infection than nonsmokers. The increase is two to four times the amount than nonsmokers. Cigarettes cause an addiction. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug. It is the nicotine that is in tobacco that makes cigarettes so addicting. A 1991 editorial in the Lancet, from the book Tobacco and Smoking on page 33 says: The core of the problem lies in the addictiveness of nicotine. It is nicotine that people cannot easily do without, not tobacco; it is nicotine dependence that slows the progress of existing programmes. As a drug deliver system the modern cigarette is a highly e... ...all the ingredients as mainstream smoke and is just as deadly. Smoking is everywhere and will continue to be all around us. We can ignore it or take action. One less person smoking means that there is that much less smoke in the air. With all the new smokers, a plan has to be set in place, either creating more ads or finding accurate facts. Unless smoking dissolves from the face of the earth, there will still be people â€Å"killing themselves.† Since smoking causes lung cancer, bad after effects and other problems, the need for elimination is even higher. If you smoke than you probably know it is hard to quit, but with the right resources and the motivation to quit, the United States will be a more â€Å"breathable† place to live. Citations Anonymous. More about second hand smoke. 2004. 11/02/04. . Anonymous. Secondhand Smoke. 2004. 11/02/04. . Anonymous. Tobacco and Smoking. Ed. Bruno Leone. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, Inc. , 1998. Grannis, MD, Frederic W.. The Lung Cancer and Cigarette Smoking Web Page. 2004. 10/28/04. . Martin, Terry. Global Smoking Statistics. About.com. 2002. 11/01/04. . Torr, James D. Smoking. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, Inc. , 2001.

Explain What Is Meant by the Term ‘Statutory Interpretation’ and to What Extent Does This Compliment or Undermine the Role of the Parliament?

Explain what is meant by the term ‘statutory interpretation’ and to what extent does this compliment or undermine the role of the parliament? Statutory interpretation refers to a process used by the courts when it looks at a piece of statute to interpret what its definition is. A statute is a bill also known as a law which was passed by the legislature (Parliament) that imposes rules on people. However these ‘statutes’ may be open to interpretation and are occasionally are riddles with ambiguities. So statutory interpretation is the process that focuses on resolving these ambiguities and deciding how a particular bill or law will apply in a particular case. Some statutes have a very clear and straight forward meaning to them and therefor interpreting them incredibly easy, but in many cases there can be ambiguities and vagueness in the wording of the statute that the judges must try and resolve for the sole purpose of stopping and absurdity occurring. Courts can only interpret the law they do not question the origins or the reason. There are numerous rules when it comes to statutory interpretation, the first and most important of these rules is the rule that governs and deals with the statutes plain language, the rule is essentially the statute means what it says, For example if the statute refers to vehicles it would be interpreted as vehicles not planes or submarines. This is known as the Literal rule and it looks at the statute in its natural and ordinary meaning in its context. The advantage and disadvantages to using this rule is that it does encourage precision in drafting laws, well unless the Legislature had any reason to be deliberately careless. t also is meant to bring a certain sense of certainty, however there is no certainty when It comes to something like literalism so can that really be the case? , It is next to useless when a judge is trying to interpret an act where broad terms have deliberately been used however the fact remains that the ability to draft a perfect bill is impossible. And the case still remains that it gives the law making power or at least the powers to â€Å"bend† laws to judges something which is in violation of the idea of Parliamentary supremacy. An Example of the Literal rule is; â€Å"Whitely v, Chappell (1869). The defendant had voted in the name of a person who had died, but was found not guilty of the offence of personating ‘any person entitled to vote’: a dead person is not entitled to vote. † (http://legal-directory. net/english-law/interpretation-literal-rule. htm) Another rule that governs statutory interpretation is the mischief rule, and according to the law commission it was regarded as the most satisfactory of the three rules, Its basic purpose is to allow the courts to look into and stop the mischief that the law was passed to prevent, an example of this rule being put into effect Is; â€Å"Smith v. Hughes 1960, a prostitute solicited from inside a building to the street. A private building was held to be a â€Å"street or public place† for the purposes of the Act to avoid the mischief of harlotry. †(http://e-lawresources. co. uk/Adler-v-George. php) However unlike the literal rule it doesn’t take away from the idea of parliamentary supremacy too much as they still apply the law in the same way that parliament intended it to be. The final and third rule is the Golden rule, this is basically the rule which comes into play if the following of the Literal rule would create an absurdity, so the courts are allowed to interpret and apply a secondary meaning to it. A really good case example is the case of Adler v George (1964) that stated Under the Official Secrets Act 1920 it was an offence to obstruct a member of the armed forces ‘in the vicinity' of a prohibited palace. The defendant was actually in the prohibited place, rather than ‘in the vicinity' of it, at the time of obstruction. ( http://e-lawresources. co. uk/Adler-v-George. hp) The courts however knew that following the literal interpretation of this law would lead to an absurdity and they used the golden rule to determine it was â€Å"absurd† to thing a law would apply near something and not inside it. Statutory interpretation is a tricky task, so judges can use different things to help them in there tasks these are called â€Å"aid s† and they come in two different forms ‘Intrinsic aids’ these are something that is found within the act of parliament itself that they can use to try and interpret and apply the act with and ‘extrinsic aids’ these are things found outside of the act of parliament. An examples of an Intrinsic aids is the short title of the bill. However there are far more Extrinsic aids for example; the courts may call upon Dictionaries to find the definition of words to aid in exact interpretation, Especially if dealing with the Literal rule. They may also refer to previous Acts and how they were interpreted in the past if a new act of parliament is replacing a previous one. They also use the law commissioned reports to see why the law was created, something that would come in very handy if trying to apply the Mischief rule. They may also refer to the Hansard; this is edited verbatim report of all the proceedings in both of the houses of parliament. Important things to know about that is that judges may only look at statements made by a minister or another promoter of the bill. The whole idea of these 3 rules does make the concept of Parliamentary supremacy a bit feeble, as the ability to interpret and bend the law is completely at the Judge’s discretion. It does degrade the Idea Significantly.

Full Vs. Partial Inclusion - 980 Words

Full vs. Partial Inclusion in Quà ©bec Schools Controversy: The MELS Policy on Special Education (1999) favors full integration of students with special needs into the regular classroom, including students with severe disabilities or handicaps, creating cause for concern regarding the needs of regular students in spite of assurances, at least in principle, of a balanced approach. This brief paper attempts to argue from the available evidence that full inclusion, one of the options proposed by the Quà ©bec government for special-needs students, is in fact an obstacle to the education of both special-needs and regular students, as well as to the tasks of teachers. Full inclusion of students with special needs places an impractical burden on financial resources and on teachers. Conversely, special-needs students are known to benefit from specialized instruction, which need not entirely rule out partial inclusion in specific situations. Partial inclusion alongside specialized instruction enables greater differentiation and more individualized instruction, the stated goals of Quebec’s special education policy. The background for understanding this controversy is Quà ©bec’s current policy on special-needs students, which states that students diagnosed as having handicaps, social maladjustments, and/or learning disabilities â€Å"may be 1) integrated in regular classes, 2) grouped in special (â€Å"closed†) classes in regular schools, or 3) assigned to special schools† (Irving, 2015, slide 5). ItShow MoreRelatedInclusion Of Special Education Classroom1488 Words   |  6 Pagesmaking more efforts to increase educational opportunities for students with disabilities, and while there are many benefits to inclusion, there are also many challenges. Inclusion of special education students in a regular education classroom continues to be the center of debate amongst administrators and teachers. 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